Metabolomics and Proteomics

Cancer is an overwhelming sickness that changes the digestion system of a cell and the encompassing milieu.  in pharmaceutical examination Metabolomics is a generally quick and precise procedure that can be connected with either turning into an inexorably mainstream instrument in the life sciences or in a worldwide way to uncover new learning about organic frameworks.  The Division of Cancer Biology (DCB) bolsters and encourages fundamental examination in every aspect of tumor science at scholastic establishments and exploration establishments over the United States and abroad. Cancer biomarkers in the clinic, to find pathways included in disease that could be utilized for new targets and to screen metabolic biomarkers amid remedial mediation.

Nutritional metabolomics is rapidly growing to use small molecule chemical profiling to support integration of diet and nutrition in complex bio systems research. These improvements are basic to encourage progress of nutritious sciences from populace based to individual-based criteria for wholesome research, appraisal and administration. Food-omits applications  include the genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, metabolomics, study of foods for compound profiling, authenticity, biomarker-detection related to food quality or safety; the development of new transgenic foods. Using metabolomics, researchers can quantitatively analyze non-innate factors that are incorporated into post genomic and post transcriptional change.

Lipidomics is an increasing field with plentiful applications. For investigating different cell types ESI mass spectroscopy is used. Identification of lipid composition and quantification of cellular lipids gives us details about the lipid related pathway which also helps in identification of metabolic pathways and the effected enzymes. The need for bioinformatics is to manage and integrate the experimental data in various aspects, such as, for lipid classification, ontologies, database design, analysis, and visual display and play diverse roles in human physiology.

Computational Biology is a rapidly emerging field, at the interface of computer science, arithmetic, physics and biology to study, analyze and understand complex biological systems by taking a corresponding integrated systems view using computational methodologies. Computational systems biology provides a point of merging for genomics, proteomics, metabolomics and computational modeling and plays a key role in the fast progression of the evolving field by the outstanding developments in biology and computer science.

Recent Advancements in Metabolomics

Over a period of time, metabolomics studies have identified several relevant biomarkers involved in complex clinical phenotypes using diverse biological systems. These biomarkers can be used to develop personalized prognostic, diagnostic, and treatment approaches. These discovered biomarkers can also be applied further in monitoring of disease progression, treatment efficacy. Metabolomics in Drug Discovery and testing of new drugs provide insight into the on- and off-target effects of drugs.

Microbial metabolism is the means by which a microbe obtains the energy and nutrients. Microbial metabolomics is one of the platforms for integrating biological information into systems microbiology to facilitate the understanding of microbial interactions and cellular functions. Microbes use many different types of metabolic strategies and species can often be differentiated from each other based on metabolic characteristics. Bacterial metabolism focuses on the chemical diversity of substrate oxidations and dissimilation reactions (reactions by which substrate molecules are broken down), which normally function in bacteria to generate energy. With the scope of bacterial metabolism is the study of the uptake and utilization of the inorganic or organic compounds required for growth and maintenance of a cellular steady state (assimilation reactions).

Proteomics is the large-scale study of proteins .Proteins are vital parts of living organisms, with many functions. The proteome is the entire set of proteins that is produced or modified by an organism or system. Proteins are often used specifically to refer to protein purification and mass spectrometry. Proteomics has enabled the identification of ever increasing numbers of protein. Proteomics is an interdisciplinary domain that has benefitted greatly from the genetic information of various genome projects. proteomics is the study of biological systems. Proteins themselves are macromolecules, long chains of amino acids. This amino acid chain is constructed when the cellular machinery of the ribosome translates RNA transcripts from DNA in the cell's nucleus. The transfer of information within cells commonly follows this path, from DNA to RNA to protein.

Case report aids in the identification of advanced trends or diseases and discover new drug, its side effects and potential usage. It even analyzes limited manifestations of a disease. Case reports play a significant role in medical discipline thereby administering a structure for case-based training.

Genetics refers to the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in living organisms. It is mainly considered a field of biology but intersects frequently with many other life sciences and is strongly linked with the study of information systems. Epigenetics refers to the study of effect on gene activity and expression by chromosomal changes and also heritable phenotypic change that doesn’t come from modification of a genome.

Epigenomics is the study of the complete set of epigenetic modifications on the genetic material of a cell, known as the epigenome. The field is analogous to genomics and proteomics, which are the study of the genome and proteome of a cell.

Next generation sequencing (NGS), is any of several high-throughput approaches to DNA sequencing using the concept of massively parallel processing; it is also called Massive parallel sequencing. Next generation sequencing is an Application of genetic sequencing which is used to identify the populations at high risk or target therapies to patients those who are likely to respond. The Next generation sequencing (NGS) market assessment was made based on products, technologies, end users, applications and geography, Illumina (Solexa) sequencing, Roche 454 sequencing, Ion torrent: Proton / PGM sequencing.

Pharmacogenomics is the study of the role of genetics in drug response. It deals with the effect of genetic variation on drug response in patients by associating gene expression or single-nucleotide polymorphisms with drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination, as well as drug receptor target effects. pharmacogenomics aims to develop rational means to optimize drug therapy, with respect to the patients' genotype, to ensure maximum efficacy with minimal adverse effects. Pharmacogenetics focuses on single drug-gene interactions. It helps in Improve drug safety, and reduce ADRs,Tailor treatments to meet patients' unique genetic pre-disposition, identifying optimal dosing.

The nanomaterials possess ideal characteristics to equilibrate principal factors which determine biocatalysts efficiency, including specific surface area, mass transfer resistance and effective enzyme loading. This review presents the current scenario and techniques in enzyme immobilization. Some methods are used which are efficient to combine proteins/enzymes with nanoparticles. Immobilization process is to optimize the operational performance of an enzyme for industrial applications. So far different matrices have been described in the literature to improve the performance of the immobilized enzymes. With the advent of nanotechnology, the nanomaterials because of their unique physico-chemical properties constitute novel and interesting matrices for enzyme immobilization.

Molecular medicine is a broad field which deals with the development of diseases at a molecular level and identifies fundamental molecular and genetic errors of disease and to develop molecular interventions to correct them. Molecular structures and mechanisms are described by Physical, chemical, biological, bioinformatics and medical techniques. Molecular Medicine develops knowledge and skills in cellular and molecular biology.

Molecular diagnostics is a collection of techniques used to analyse an individual's genetic code and to identify biological markers in the genome and proteome. Molecular diagnostics apply molecular biology to see how cell express their genes to medical testing.

Metabolomics aims at the comprehensive and quantitative analysis of wide arrays of metabolites in biological samples. These numerous analytes have very diverse physico-chemical properties and occur at different abundance levels. A mass spectrometry is an analytical technique that measures the mass to charged particles (ions) from the chemical substances that are to be analyzed. The mass spectrometer then uses electric and magnetic fields to measure the mass of the charged particles. Mass spectrometry is used in many different fields and is applied to pure samples as well as complex mixtures.

The new field of precision medicine is revolutionizing current medical practice and  reshaping future medicine. Precision medicine aspires to put the patient as the central  driver of healthcare by broadening biological knowledge and acknowledging the greater diversity of individuals. It is well established that complex gene–environment interactions shape normal physiological and disease processes.  Predicting normal and pathological states in patients requires dynamic and systematic understanding of these interactions. Systems medicine is a new concept based on holistic approaches for disease diagnosis and monitoring Regenerative medicine and predictive medicine and Inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) Nutraceuticals.